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限定性定語從句知識點
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時?墒÷躁P系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞 介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置
2. which作賓語時,根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語
5. where是關系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句
6. when引導定語從句表示時間
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關系代詞,當然也不用that引導
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格
8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導.
非限定性定語從句知識點
1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導限定性定語從句時,that有時相當于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
3. 有時as也可用作關系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物。
一般將來時被動語態(tài)知識點
一般將來時的被動語態(tài):
表示將來要發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀況且主語是動作的承受著。由shall/will be+done構成。
一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的基本結構的構成:
1、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的肯定式為:shall/will+be+done。(shall用于先進人稱; will用于各種人稱)
如:We shall be punished if we break the rule. 如果我們違反規(guī)定,我們將要受到懲罰。
The new film will be shown next Thursday. 這部新電影將在下周四上映。
2、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的否定式為:shall/will+not+be+done.(可縮寫成shan't 或won't)
如:The meeting won't be held tomorrow. 明天不再舉行會議。
The exhibition won't be put off till next week. 展覽會將不會推遲到下周。
3、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句需將shall/will提到主語的前面。(回答用yes或no)
如:Won't water be turned into ice, if it is below freezing? 如果氣溫在冰點之下,水難道不會變成冰嗎?
—Will the work be finished at once? 這項工作會立刻被完成嗎?
—Yes, it will. ?是的,立刻就完成。
4、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句為:疑問詞+shall/will+S+be+done。
如:When will these books be published? 這些書將在什么時候被出版?
Whom will this book be written by? 誰來寫這本書?
一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的其他結構構成:
1、be going to be done:
如:Some old buildings are going to be put down. 一些舊的樓房將被推倒。
The problem isn't going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 這個問題將不在明天的會議上被討論。
—Arethesetreesgoingtobecutdown?這些樹將被砍倒嗎?
—Yes,they are. 是的,將被砍倒
2、be to be done:
如:The sports meet is to be held on April10. 運動會將于四月十日舉行。
The machines are not to be repaired tonight. 今晚將不會修理這些機器。
—Are new textbooks to be published next week?新教科書將在下周出版嗎?
—No, they aren't. 不,不是。
一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的用法:
1、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的同它的主動語態(tài)一樣,強調表示根據計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的被動性動作。
如:The new film will be shown next Thursday. 這部新電影將在下周四上映。
A lot of athletes will be invited to Beijing. 好多運動員將被邀請到北京來。
2、在時間、條件狀語從句中,常用一般現在時的被動語態(tài)代替一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。
如:When the dam is completed, the Changjiang River will be controlled. 當大壩竣工時,長江將得到控制。
If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday. 如果我有足夠的時間,我將去日本度假。
3、表示有固定性條件就有規(guī)律性被動結果。
如:Heated to100℃, water will be turned into steam. 加熱到100度時,水將會變成蒸氣。
If you speak in class, you will be punished. 如果你在課堂上講話,你將會被懲罰。
一般將來時的被動語態(tài)知識點大全(二)
語態(tài)是表示主語和動詞之間的主動關系或被動關系的動詞形式。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和
被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者(施動者),被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者
(受動者)。本單元的語法是一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài),現就其用法歸納如下:
一、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的基本結構的構成:
1.一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的肯定式為:shall / will + be + done。(shall 用于先進人稱;
will用于各種人稱) 如:
We shall be punished if we break the rule.
如果我們違反規(guī)定,我們將要受到懲罰。
The new film will be shown next Thursday.
這部新電影將在下周四上映。
2.一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的否定式為:shall / will + not + be + done.(可縮寫成shan’t
或won’t)如:
The meeting won’t be held tomorrow.
明天不再舉行會議。
The exhibition won’t be put off till next week.
展覽會將不會推遲到下周。
3.一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句需將shall / will提到主語的前面。(回答用yes或no)如:
Won’t water be turned into ice, it it is belwo freezing?
如果氣溫在冰點之下,水難道不會變成冰嗎?
---Will the work be finished at once? ---Yes, it will.
---這項工作會立刻被完成嗎? ---是的,立刻就完成。
4.一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句為:疑問詞 + shall / will + S + be + done。如:
When will these books be published?
這些書將在什么時候被出版?
Whom will this book be written by?
誰來寫這本書?
二、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的其他結構構成:
1.be going to be done
Some old buildings are going to be put down.
一些舊的樓房將被推倒。
The problem isn’t going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
這個問題將不在明天的會議上被討論。
---Are these trees going to be cut down?---Yes,they are.
---這些樹將被砍倒嗎?---是的,將被砍倒
2.be to be done
The sports meet is to be held on April 10.
運動會將于四月十日舉行。
The machines are not to be repaired tonight.
今晚將不會修理這些機器。
---Are new textbooks to be published next week?---No, they aren’t.
新教科書將在下周出版嗎?不,不是。
三、一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的用法:
1.一般將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的同它的主動語態(tài)一樣,強調表示根據計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的被動性動作。
The new film will be shown next Thursday.
這部新電影將在下周四上映。
A lot of athletes will be invited to Beijing.
好多運動員將被邀請到北京來。
2.在時間、條件狀語從句中,常用一般現在時的被動語態(tài)代替一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。如:
When the dam is completed, the Changjiang River will be controlled.
當大壩竣工時,長江將得到控制。
If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday.
如果我有足夠的時間,我將去日本度假。
3.表示有固定性條件就有規(guī)律性被動結果。如:
Heated to 100·c , water will be turned into steam.
加熱到100度時,水將會變成蒸氣。
If you speak in class, you will be punished.
如果你在課堂上講話,你將會被懲罰。
現在完成時的被動語態(tài)
現在完成時的被動語態(tài)結構是“主語+has/have+been+過去分詞”。使用現在完成時的被動語態(tài)應注意下面幾點:
1. 現在完成時的被動語態(tài)同主動語態(tài)一樣強調過去的動作對現在的影響。
They have just cleaned and repaired the watch.
→ The watch has just been cleaned and repaired (by them).
Tom has written the letter.
→ The letter has been written by Tom.
分析:此表剛擦洗修理,那就必然是用現在完成時,my watch是動作的承受者,在被動語態(tài)句中作主語。
2. 被動語態(tài)沒有完成進行時態(tài),主動語態(tài)的現在完成進行時改為被動語態(tài)時要用現在完成時,依此類推,主動語態(tài)的過去完成進行時改為被動語態(tài)時用過去完成時。如:
He has been writing the report for two days.
→ The report has been written by him for two days.
3. 現在完成時的被動語態(tài)的用法
1) 表示一個被動的動作發(fā)生在說話之前,強調對現在造成的影響和結果。如:
Thedoorhasbeenlocked.門被鎖上了。
2) 表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去,持續(xù)到現在,并可能持續(xù)下去, 常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用, 或用于Howlong...? 句型中。如:
Theimportantproblemhasbeendiscussedfornearlytwoweeks.
那個重要的問題已經被討論近兩個星期了。
Howlonghasthemachinebeenused?
這機器使用有多久了?可。
3) 注意與一般過去時的被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。一般過去時的被動語態(tài)所表示的動作或狀態(tài)與現在的情況沒有聯系,而現在完成時的被動語態(tài)則強調與現在情況的聯系。如:
Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear. 這橋是去年建成的。
Thebridgehasbeenbuilt.這橋已經建好了。
Nobookshavebeenboughtsincelastweek.
自上周以來,沒有人來買過書。
現在進行時被動語態(tài)的用法
1、表現正在進行或發(fā)生的被動動作,常與now, look等詞連用。
e.g.She is being examined by the doctor now.
2、表示現階段或目前這段時間正在進行的被動動作,但這一被動動作在此時此刻不一定正在發(fā)生。
e.g.A new factory is being built.They are being taught English at present .
少數及物動詞的進行時表示按計劃、安排將要承受某個動作。
Some rock music is being played by them next下面將由他們演奏一些搖滾音樂。
An party is being held tonight. 今晚將要舉辦一場晚會。
4. 有些動詞進行時的主動形式就可以表示被動的意思,常見的這些動詞有:
print, cook, fry, bake, burn, hang.
e.g. The house is burning.The meat is cooking.
5. 在be + under / in/on +n. 的結構可以表示現在進行時的被動語態(tài)的含義。
The problem is under discussion now.= The problem is being discussed now.
The telephone is in use.= The telephone is being used.
Many new cars are on show. = Many new cars are being showed.
Your questions are under discussion.= Your questions are being discussed.
6. 有些表 “ 狀態(tài), 心理活動, 情感”等的動詞,常用一般現在時的被動語態(tài)表示 “正在進行”。
e.g. You are wanted on the phone.
MP3 is becoming more and more popular. In other words, it is loved by more and more people.
表示一種經常性或習慣性的被動行為,常與always, forever, continually, constantly等詞連用,往往帶有贊揚、責備、厭煩及埋怨等感情色彩。e.g. Tom is always being praised by the teacher.
7、與情態(tài)動詞連用,表示對現在正在發(fā)生的被動行為的推測。
e.g. (1) John is not here .He must be being interviewed
(2) ---Do you know what smith is doing ?
---He is ill. He may be being examined by the doctor.
注意:助動詞am/ is/ are和being缺一不可并且不可以顛倒順序。
介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句
【知識點1】
直接位于介詞之后的關系代詞只能是which或whom,構成介詞+which(指物);介詞+whom(指人)兩種結構。
【例】The man to whom you talst now is a famous runner.
【例】The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.
【例】He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.
【例】It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.
【例】The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.
【知識點2】
直接位于介詞后面的關系代詞不能省略,但如果將介詞移于句子末尾而不位于關系代詞之前時,可省。
【例】The man (who/that/whom) you talst now is a famous runner.
【例】The service (which/that) the students complain about a lot should be improved.
【例】He is a library assistant (whom/that/who) I borrowed some books from.
【例】It is a famous school (which/that) he graduated from 3 years ago.
【例】The chair (which/that) he is sitting on now is made of wood.
【知識點3】
關系副詞when, where, why 可以相應地轉化為:介詞+which結構。
【例】This is the house where I lived two years ago.
=This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
【例】Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
【例】I don’t know the reason why he said so.
=I don’t know the reason for which he said so.
【知識點4】
有一些動詞短語中的介詞是固定搭配,不可以拆開,一般還是放在動語之后,不優(yōu)先:
【例】He is the student (who/whom/that) the teachers are looking for.
【例】The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 30.
【知識點5】
注意復雜介詞短語+which或whom引導的定語從句,是高考考查熱點。
【例】They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen.
【例】Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three students.
【知識點6】
不定代詞+of+ which/ whom 引導的定語從句可化為of+ which/ whom+ 不定代詞 結構;這也是高考?键c。其中用到的不定代詞
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